As the Church spread throughout the Middle East and grew in numbers, and as the apostles began to die, it was necessary to appoint additional ministers to take their place.  This led eventually to the development of the threefold ministry of bishops, priests and deacons.  Deacons are ordained by a simple laying on of hands by the bishop.  They are presented with a copy of the New Testament to symbolise their duty to spread the Gospel.  Priests are anointed on the palms of the hands with Chrism, receive the laying on of hands by the bishop and any other priests who are present.  They are given a copy of the Bible or a chalice and paten to symbolise their duty to celebrate the Eucharist.  Bishops are anointed on the head with Chrism and receive the laying on of hands by all the bishops present.  They are given a ring, mitre and pastoral staff to represent their authority and their duty of care.